Index. Environmental Impact of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry.

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Environmental impact
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BOOK INDEX (continued):
PAGE 5 (P Q R S T U V W X Y Z)

PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)

anthropogenic concentrations of, 144-147
as indicator of anthropogenic pollution, 145, 153
as indicator of environmental stress, 313
bioaccumulation of, 311
effects on organisms of, 173, 177, 179, 180, 183, 186, 187, 189, 338-339
hazard of, 35, 38
input of, 127, 130
levels in

Antarctic ecosystem, 146-147
organisms, 158-165
seawater, 149-150
sediments, 155-157, 317, 334
threshold, 321, 324

NOEC of, 373
properties of, 123
synergism with organochlorines, 342

See also Benzo(a)pyrene; Naphthalene

Pelagic fish

effects of explosives on, 61-62
oil spills affecting, 331
see also Fish

Persian Gulf, 14, 84, 128, 132, 150, 153, 163, 245, 333-334, 381

Pipeline accidents, 92-94, 329

Pipeline discharges, components of, 82

Pipelines, 96, 99, 306

Phenols, 78-81, 139, 186

MPC of, 81

Platforms, 15-16, 65-66

abandonment options, 97-99
as artificial reefs, 100-102
explosive removal, 102-103
secondary use, 100-102, 110

Pollutants input, 33-35

of oil, 127-133

Pollution, 26-30, 32-48, 58, 56, 109, 127-133

background contamination, 41-47, 126, 143-148
by gas, 221-224
by oil, 2, 58, 70-71, 72, 119, 126, 130-133, 142, 148
components of, 35-41
distribution of, 41-47, 148-151
effects of, 165-190, 306-351
global and regional aspects of, 41-48, 148-158
hazard of, 35-41
input of, 33-35, 127-133
levels of, 158

in Russian seas, 151
in seawater, 307-313
in sediments,, 156-157, 313-329

monitoring of see Monitoring
sources, 35-41, 307-343
see also Oil spills; Discharges

Pollution components, rating, 35-41

Potential, offshore hydrocarbon resources, 10, 22

gas, 13
gas hydrates, 12-13
on Russian shelf, 17, 22

Preventive approach, 362-363, 391

Prirazlomnoe oil field (Barents Sea), 18, 54, 57-58

Produced sand, 73, 279, 285

Produced waters composition, 70, 77-81, 279-285

Produced waters discharges,

amount of, 68-69, 70-71
composition of, 70, 279-285, 319
dilution of, 284-285, 310
exotoxicology of, 279-285
metals in, 319
monitoring of, 386
oil in, 81
phenols in, 78-81
radionuclides in, 81
requirements to, 369-370
toxicity of, 279-285

Protection of the water environment, 31, 104-109, 362-379

regulation, 390-392
strategic principles, 362-364

Radionuclides, 35, 38, 40, 81, 143

Recovering of benthic communities, 327-328, 332-334

Reef effect (of abandoned offshore installations), 100-102

Regulation of the offshore industry, 361-394

Rigs-to-reef concept, 101

Risk analysis, 104-105

application of, 105-108

Risk, environmental, 103-111, 361-366

assessment of, 103-111
management of, 361-366
meaning of term, 104
see also Hazard and risk assessment

Rusanovskoe field (Kara Sea), 18

Russian offshore hydrocarbon resources, potential, 1, 3, 17

Russian shelf developments, 17-22, 54-57, 64

discharges during, 68
practical tasks, 97, 378

Russian shelf, oil and gas, 17-22, 90-91, 142

Sakhalin, 3, 4, 15, 18, 20-21, 54, 68, 91-94, 278, 290

Sakhalin-1 and 2 projects, 20-21, 54, 87, 88

Samotlorskoe oil field

atmospheric emissions at, 83

Sanitary-hygienic consequences of anthropogenic impact, 26-32, 48

Seawater pollution near developments

sources, levels, effects of, 307-313
see also Pollution

Seawater quality-based requirements, 371-374

Sedimentation of oil, 139

Sediments, 146-147, 227-228

monitoring of, 154, 277, 386-390
oil in, 154-158
toxic and threshold levels, 170-179
pollution of, 46, 179-185, 190-193, 313-329
areas affected, 277, 313, 321-324
biological impact of, 313-329
species diversity affected by, 320-321, 323

Sediments pollution near developments

sources, levels, effects of, 313-329

Seepage of natural gas, 220-221, 231

Seismic surveys, 55, 60-63, 304, 305-306

Self-purification, 141-143, 227, 290, 312, 331, 333-334, 369

and temperature, 142, 333

Shelf and coastal zone, 1-2, 25, 31-32, 47

see also Continental shelf; Coastal zone

Shoreline types, 329-330

Shtokmanovskoe gas condensate field (Barents Sea), 18, 54, 57-58, 68, 88-89, 92, 240-243

Species diversity see Diversity of bottom fauna

Spill-control agents

composition of, 286-291
toxicity of, 291-293

Spills see Oil spills

Standards and requirements, 104-105

for discharges, 368-371
for seawater, 371-374
for bottom sediments, 374
ecological/fisheries, 374-379
Russian, 372-373, 403-413

Storage accidents, 92

Suspended materials, 277-279, 377

Synthetic-based drilling fluids, 74-75, 256-263

Taint, 56, 346-348

Tanker accidents, 89-92, 106-108, 132

Tanker transportation, environmental consequences, 58, 105, 127, 130-133, 306

Tengiskoe field (Caspian Sea), 81

Threshold concentrations of

natural gas, 245
oil in seawater, 170-179, 190-193
oil in sediments, 179-185, 190-193
PAHs in sediments, 324

Toxicity of

dispersants, 291-293
drilling cuttings, 276-279
drilling fluids components, 263-276
drilling muds, 256-263
gas condensate, 240-243
gas hydrates, 240-243
natural gas, 233-235, 243-248

and temperature, 234-235

oil, 170-190

and temperature, 179
in seawater, 170-179
in sediments, 179-185

produced water, 279-285

Transportation accidents see Pipeline accidents; Tanker accidents

Turbidity, increased, 56, 276-279

Turrey Canyon incident, 90

Waste discharges see Discharges; Drilling waste disposal

Water-based drilling fluids/muds, 74-75, 258-259, 259-269, 318, 327

environmental impact of, 259

Water pollution see Seawater pollution near developments

Water quality-based requirements, 371-374