Index. Environmental Impact of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry.

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Environmental impact
of the offshore oil and gas industry

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BOOK INDEX: PAGE 1 (A-B)

Abandonment of offshore installations, 55, 92, 97-103

explosive removal activities, 102-103
fisheries affected by, 92, 95
legislation covering, 98-99
options available, 92, 98-100
secondary use, 98, 100-102
see also Decommissioning of offshore installations

Abundance of benthic fauna,

effects of oil contamination on, 319-323, 325-327

Accidents, 85-94, 110, 306, 329-335

acute effects, 104-109, 331
drilling accidents, 87-89, 223, 235-240
environmental effects, 86, 329-335
long-term effects, 7-12, 332
pipeline accidents, 92-94, 224
probability assessment, 106-107
statistics and causes, 85-94
storage accidents, 92
tanker accidents, 89-92, 132
see also Oil spills

Accumulation in marine organisms see Bioaccumulation

Acute environmental effects, 104-109, 331, 343, 366

management of, 366-367
see also Oil spills; Accidents; Pollution

Aggregation of oil, 141, 153-154

Alaska, shelf, oil and gas, 14, 72, 90

Amoco Cadiz incident, 90, 345

Antarctica, oil and gas, 146-147, 156, 163

Anthropogenic impact on the water environment, 2-3, 25-48

factors and scale of, 26-32
see also Offshore industry's impact; Pollution

Arctic, 11-12, 17-19, 65, 90-92, 226, 361

accidents in, 331
global warming, effect on, 41
potential hydrocarbon resources in, 11-12

Aromatic hydrocarbons, 120

as indicators of environmental stress, 313
levels in:

Antarctic ecosystem, 146-147
gas condensate, 240-241
seawater, 190
near developments, 308-309
sediments, 157, 333
near developments, 315-316

structure and properties of, 122-126, 138, 157, 186-187
see also Benzo(a)pyrene; Naphthalene; PAHs

Artificial reefs see Reef effect (of abandoned offshore installations)

Asov, Sea of, 17, 21, 31, 58, 87, 129-130, 149, 151, 156, 306, 309

gas accidents in, 87, 223, 235-240, 342

Assessment of environmental hazard and risk see Hazard and risk assessment

Astrakhanskoe gas condensate field, 83, 213, 223

Atmospheric emissions, 56, 82-85, 103

components of, 83-84
in Russia, 84
monitoring of, 385
sources of, 83-85
volumes of, 83-85

Background levels (of oil hydrocarbons), 143-148

Background contamination, 35, 41-47, 126, 143-148, 309-313

Bahia Paraiso incident, 146

Baltic Sea, 17, 21, 31, 126, 129-130, 139, 149, 155, 157, 160, 164, 225, 334

Barents Sea, 3, 4, 17, 18, 54, 57-58, 68, 72, 88, 90-92, 97, 149, 151, 164, 333

Beautfort Sea, oil and gas, 12, 84

Benthos, 46, 319-329

abundance of, 319-323, 325-327, 388
diversity of, 319-329, 388
effects of

gas on, 237-239
oil on, 277, 321-329, 339-340, 345

monitoring parameters, 388-390
recovering after the stress is removed, 327-328, 332-334

Benzo(a)pyrene

biodegradation of, 140
effects on organisms, 174, 175, 182, 187, 324
hazard of, 35, 38, 158, 342
levels in

marine organisms, 160-165,
in sediments, 157-158
MPC, 157
threshold, 324
in produced waters, 78

sources and volumes of, 127, 130, 145
see also PAHs

Bering Sea, 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 156, 163

Bioaccumulation, 158-165, 262, 311, 346

Bioassays of bottom sediments, 319-320

Biocides, 74, 76-77, 78, 83, 274-275

Biodegradation of oil, 139-141, 334

and temperature, 139
see also Microbial degradation of oil; Self-purification

Biogenic hydrocarbons, 126-127

Biogeochemistry

of oil, 119-195
of natural gas, 211-249

Biological effects of gas condensate, 240-243

Biological effects of gas hydrates, 240-243

Biological effects of natural gas, 233-248

mechanisms of, 233-235
threshold of, 239-248
toxic concentrations of, 233-248

Biological effects of offshore developments, 303-325

areas of, 321-325

Biological effects of oil, 165-190

mechanisms of, 166-170
threshold, 170-190
toxic concentrations, 170-190

Biological resources, industry effects on, 303-351

Black Sea, 31

benzo(a)pyrene levels in marine organisms from, 164
gas levels in water of, 225, 227, 245
gas seepage in, 220, 245
effects of oil pollution, 341
methane-degrading microorganisms in, 237
nonindigenous organisms in, 58, 306
oil and gas in, 12, 17, 21
oil input to, 129-130
oil levels in

marine organisms, 161
sediments, 156
surface waters, 149, 151
near developments, 309

Blowouts, 85-94, 104, 235-240

see also Accidents; Oil spills

Bottom sediments see Sediments

Braer incident, 90, 132, 134, 332

Burning oil in the sea, 289

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